In Mandarin Chinese, the reflexive pronoun is 自 ( zì ) 己 ( jǐ ), meaning "self". It is also common in informal speech to use myself in a conjunctive phrase when 'me' would suffice: "She stood by Jane and myself." Also myself is used when 'I' would be more appropriate for example, Thomas Jefferson was quoted as saying, "Hamilton and myself were daily pitted in the cabinet like two cocks." In languages other than English Chinese It is common in some dialects of English to use standard object pronouns to express reflexive relations, especially in the first and sometimes second persons, and especially for a recipient: for example, "I want to get me some supper." While this was seemingly standard in Old English through the Early Modern Period (with "self" constructs primarily used for emphatic purposes), it is held to be dialectal or nonstandard in Modern English. In some cases, reflexives without local antecedents may be better analyzed as emphatic pronouns without any true reflexive sense. The newer non-standard usage does not respect this limitation. Embarrassing pictures of himself were on display." However, within Standard English, this logophoric use of reflexives is generally limited to positions where the reflexive does not have a coargument. Standard English allows use of logophors in some contexts: for example, "John was angry. (Note that me and you would be more concise in such instances.) Within the linguistics literature, reflexives with discourse antecedents are often referred to as logophors. Some speakers use reflexive pronouns without local linguistic antecedents to refer to discourse participants or people already referenced in a discourse: for example, "Please, forward the information to myself, Anything else for yourself today?". For example, "Why don't you yourself do the job?", "Why don't you do the job yourself?", or "I want to fix my phone itself I will not fix your watch as well." Grammatically, the position of reflexive pronouns in this usage is either right after the noun the pronouns are emphasizing or, if the noun is subject, after-verb-or-object position is also possible. Most of the time, reflexive pronouns function as emphatic pronouns that highlight or emphasize the individuality or particularity of the noun. Non-reflexive use of reflexive pronouns is rather common in English. complain, concentrate, get up/hot/tired, lie down, meet, relax, remember, sit down, wake up, shave, undress, wash, acclimatise, adapt, behave, hide, move.Te rases-tu le dimanche ? ( te is the second person singular reflexive pronoun in French, but it can serve as an object pronoun).Do you shave on Sundays? (NOT Do you shave yourself on Sundays?).with her.)Ĭertain verbs have reflexive pronouns in some languages but not in English: He was pulling a small cart behind him.Usually after prepositions of locality it is preferred to use a personal object pronoun rather than a reflexive pronoun: Intensive pronouns usually appear near and/or before the subject of the sentence. These pronouns can also be used intensively, to emphasize the identity of whoever or whatever is being talked about: Each personal pronoun (such as I, you, he and she) has its own reflexive form: In languages with a distinct reflexive pronoun form, it is often gender-neutral.Ī reflexive pronoun is normally used when the object of a sentence is the same as the subject. In some languages, this distinction includes genitive forms: see, for instance, the Danish examples below.
In some languages, some distinction exists between normal object and reflexive pronouns, mainly in the third person: whether one says "I like me" or "I like myself", there is no question that the object is the same person as the subject but, in "They like them(selves)", there can be uncertainty about the identity of the object unless a distinction exists between the reflexive and the nonreflexive. In Indo-European languages, the reflexive pronoun has its origins in Proto-Indo-European. Different languages have different binding domains for reflexive pronouns, according to their structure. In a general sense, it is a noun phrase that obligatorily gets its meaning from another noun phrase in the sentence. In generative grammar, a reflexive pronoun is an anaphor that must be bound by its antecedent (see binding). English intensive pronouns, used for emphasis, take the same form. In the English language specifically, a reflexive pronoun will end in -self or -selves, and refer to a previously named noun or pronoun ( myself, yourself, ourselves, themselves, etc.). A reflexive pronoun is a pronoun that refers to another noun or pronoun (its antecedent) within the same sentence.
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